Nobel Prize

Short biography Hambro, Carl Joachim 1885 – 1964 Politician, Journalist and Writer Conservative C. J. Hambro received his M.A. in 1907. He worked as a journalist in the conservative newspaper Morgenbladet from 1905 and was the newspaper’s editor in 1913-1920. He was associated with the newspaper as a literary critic until 1945. Hambro was elected…

Short biography Germeten, Else 1918 – 1992 Women’s group organizer and film censor Labour As a young woman, Else Germeten studied English language and literature (1941). Later she went to the USA where she passed an exam in Psychology in 1953. She was Chairman of Norges Husmorforbund (Norwegian Housewives’ Association) in 1959-1969. In the 1970s,…

Short biography Lindebrække, Sjur 1909 – 1998 Bank manager and politician Conservative Sjur Lindebrække became Doctor of Law in 1948. He was Assistant Manager of Bergen Privatbank in 1940-1945 and Bank Manager in 1945. He was Managing Director later in 1958-1968 and was active chairman of the Board in 1968-1976. He was Chairman of the…

Short biography Hagerup, George Francis 1853 – 1921 Jurist and politician Conservative George Francis Hagerup became Doctor of Law in 1885 and was Professor of Law at the University of Oslo in 1887-1906. In 1892 he became a member of the Central Board of the Conservative Party (Høyre). He was Minister of Justice in the…

Short biography Tranmæl, Martin Olsen 1879 -1967 Politician, Newspaper EditorLabour Martin Tranmæl had little formal education, but he took great interest in reading, especially history. He became a member of a trade union that was associated with the Labour Party in 1896. Three years later, he was one of the founders of the newspaper Ny…

by Øyvind Tønnesson Nobelprize.org Peace Editor, 1998-2000 1 December 1999 The Norwegian Nobel Institute building in Oslo, bought by the Nobel Foundation in 1903. The building (inset) as it looks today. Copyright © The Norwegian Nobel Institute The Norwegian Nobel Institute was established in 1904, and moved into its present building in central Oslo, close…

by Geir LundestadSecretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, 1990-2014 Introduction This article is intended to serve as a basic survey of the history of the Nobel Peace Prize during its first 100 years. Since all the 107 Laureates selected from 1901 to 2000 are to be mentioned, the emphasis will be on facts and names.…

by Michael W. Doyle Peace and democracy are just two sides of the same coin, it has often been said. In a speech before the British parliament in June of 1982, President Ronald Reagan proclaimed that governments founded on a respect for individual liberty exercise “restraint” and “peaceful intentions” in their foreign policy. He then,…

by John N. Bahcall What makes the sun shine? How does the sun produce the vast amount of energy necessary to support life on earth? These questions challenged scientists for a hundred and fifty years, beginning in the middle of the nineteenth century. Theoretical physicists battled geologists and evolutionary biologists in a heated controversy over…

l. F.W. Aston, “The Mass-Spectra of Chemical Elements,” Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 39, 611-625 (1920). In the course of a systematic program to measure the masses of atoms, Aston found that four hydrogen nuclei (protons) are heavier than a helium nucleus (an alpha particle) and two positive electrons [see Eq. (1)]. This fundamental…