Nobel Prize

  There are four fundamental forces acting in nature: the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the strong and the weak force. If one compares the strength of the different forces, setting the gravitational force at 1, the proportion becomes:   the gravitational force 1   the weak force 1031   the electromagnetic force 1036  …

more

I was born in Buchs, St. Gallen, Switzerland on 6.6., ’33 as the third child, half an hour after my twin sister. We were fortunate to enjoy a carefree childhood with a sound mixture of freedom, school and farm work. In 1949, the family moved to Zürich and our way of life changed from country…

Edward Victor Appleton was born in Bradford, England, on 6th September, 1892, the son of Peter and Mary Appleton. He received his early education at Hanson Grammar School. Bradford then took his B.A. degree in Natural Science at St. John’s College, Cambridge,, in 1913 and 1914, with physics for Part II. He won the Wiltshire…

Abdus Salam was born in Jhang, a small town in what is now Pakistan, in 1926. His father was an official in the Department of Education in a poor farming district. His family has a long tradition of piety and learning. When he cycled home from Lahore, at the age of 14, after gaining the…

Presentation Speech by Professor , Chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physics of , on December 10, 1922 Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies and Gentlemen. Ever since Kirchhoff and Bunsen (1860) introduced spectral analysis, that extremely important aid to investigation has produced the finest results. To begin with, material was collected and spectra were…

more

    The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, (press release). L. Lederman, The two-neutrino experiment, Scientific American, March 1963, page 60. New Scientist, 29 October 1988, page 30. Discovery of two kinds of neutrinos. Adventures in experimental physics, editor Bogdan Maglich, Oct 1972, page 81.  

I was born in Neuenkirchen, North-Rhine Westphalia, in the Federal Republic of Germany on May 16, 1950, as the fourth child of Anton and Elisabeth Bednorz. My parents, originating from Silesia, had lost sight of each other during the turbulences of World War II, when my sister and two brothers had to leave home and…

more