Nobel Prize

Marshall Warren Nirenberg was born in New York City on April 10th, 1927, the son of Harry and Minerva Nirenberg. The family moved to Orlando, Florida in 1939. He early developed an interest in biology. In 1948 he received a B. Sc. degree, and in 1952, a M. Sc. degree in Zoology from the University…

  Born: Burlingame, Kansas, November 19, 1915 Married: 1963 Children: 2 sons, 2 daughters   Education B.S. Washburn College, 1937 M.D. Washington University, School of Medicine 1942, St. Louis   Professional Experience Interneship, Barnes Hospital, 1942 Assistant in Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Washington University 1940-42 Instructor in Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Washington University 1945-46 Instructor…

I don’t remember much about my early childhood. I am told that before I began school, my older cousin would return from her school and teach me what she had learned. By the time I was 10 or so, I was displaying a curiosity that might have suggested an academic bent. I was an avid…

My parents were born in Norfolk and spent their early years working in the big houses of that rural English county, my mother as a cook and my father as a handyman and chauffeur. After the 1930s recession they moved to Wembley, North-West London, where my father worked as a mechanic in the local H.J.…

I was born in 1943 at Neston in the Wirral, not far from Liverpool where my father, Richard William Hunt was a lecturer in paleography, the study of mediaeval manuscripts. Richard’s father was a doctor, and there is still a chemist’s shop (i.e. pharmacy) in Winchester that bears the family name. My mother’s father, Harry…

An autobiography published a few years ago records many of the salient events in my life which led me to become a scientist and my Nobel Lecture covers the intellectual background and consequences of the research work for which the Prize has been awarded. In this somewhat compressed version, I start with my birth on…

Andrew Zachary Fire was born on April 27, 1959 at Stanford University Hospital in Santa Clara County California. Spending most of his early years (until age 16) in nearby Sunnyvale, he attended the local public schools: Hollenbeck Elementary School (1964–1970), Mango Junior High School (1970–1972), and Fremont High School (1972–1975). Fire enrolled at University of…

I recall a sunny September morning in Virginia. I remember the sound of the school bus taking away the older kids, including my two siblings Jean and Frank. My mother, no doubt, was busy with my baby brother Roger. I was playing in the creek as I often did, turning over stones, looking for small…

I was born in 1951 in Kalgoorlie, a prosperous mining town 370 miles east of Perth, Western Australia. Kalgoorlie was a gold rush town which sprang up in the desert after the Irishman Paddy Hannan struck gold there in 1892. At the time I was born my father was 19 years old and in the…

I was born on the 11th of June 1937, in North Adelaide, South Australia, the first child of middle-class parents. I am a fifth generation South Australian. South Australia is a charming state, a little overfull of the fact that, along with Victoria, it was settled by free settlers from England, who took part in…