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4. In hereditary forms of prion diseases, a genetic change (a mutation represented by the red dot) in one of the two genes encoding PrPc, may result in a slightly altered structure of the PrPc-protein. The mutation makes it easier for PrPc to change its conformation into PrPSc, initating a chain reaction that will result in the accumulation of a large number of PrPSc molecules. The filamentous aggregates that are gradually formed may contain both altered normal (unmutated) and mutated PrPSc.
Six prizes were awarded for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. The 10 laureates' work and discoveries range from optogenetics to efforts to promote peace and international law.
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