Further reading
Information on the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics (press release): The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
The Chip. T.R. Reid, Simon & Shuster, New York 1984.
The 100-million-transistor IC, L. Geppert, and related articles in the Special Report: Semiconductors, IEEE Spectrum, p. 22, July 1999.
Physics and the information revolution, J. Birnbaum and R.S. Williams, Physics Today, p. 38, January 2000.
Heterostructure lasers, I. Hayashi, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. ED-31, p. 1630, 1984.
Special Issue on Optoelectronics Technology, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 85, November 1997.
Indium phosphide ICs unleash the high-frequency spectrum, G. Raghavan, M. Sokolich and W.E. Stanchina, IEEE Spectrum, p. 47, October 2000.
Silicon germanium makes its mark, D. Paul, Physics World, p. 27, February 2000.
The history and future of semiconductor heterostructures from the point of view of a Russian scientist, Zhores I. Alferov, Physica Scripta, vol. T68, p. 32, 1996.
Band offsets and chemical bonding: the basis for heterostructure applications, Herbert Kroemer, Physica Scripta, vol. T68, p. 10, 1996.
Invention of the integrated circuit, Jack S. Kilby, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. ED-23, p. 648, 1976.
Nobel Prizes and laureates
Six prizes were awarded for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. The 12 laureates' work and discoveries range from proteins' structures and machine learning to fighting for a world free of nuclear weapons.
See them all presented here.
